Python - Inheritance & more on OOPs

 Inheritance is a way of creating a new class from an existing class.

Syntax:

class Emoloyee: #Base Class

#Code

class Programmer(Employee): #Derived or child class

#Code

We can use the methods and attributes of Employee in Programmer object. Also, we can overwrite or add new attributes and methods in the Programmer class.

Type of Inheritance:

• Single inheritance
• Multiple inheritance
• Multilevel inheritance

Single Inheritance

Single inheritance occurs when child class inherits only a single parent class.

Base -> Derived

Multiple Inheritance:

Multiple inheritance occurs when the child class inherits from more than one parent class.

Multilevel Inheritance

When a child class becomes a parent for another child class.

Super() method

Super method is used to access the methods of a super class in the derived class.

super().__init__()  #Calls constructor of the base class

Class methods

A class method is a method which is bound to the class and not the object of the class.

@classmethod decorator is used to create a class method.

Syntax to create a class method:

@classmethod

def (cls, p1, p2):

#code

@property decorators

Consider the following class

class Employee:

@property 

def name(self):

return self.ename

if e = Employee() is an object of class employee, we can print (e.name) top print the ename/call name() function.

@.getters and @.setters

The method name with @property decorator is called getter method.

We can define a function + @name.setter decorator like below:

@name.setter

def name(self, value):

self.ename = value

Operator overloading in Python

Operators in python can be overloaded using dunder methods.

These methods are called when a given operator is used on the objects.

Operators in python can be overloaded using the following methods:

p1 + p2 -> p1.__add__(p2)

p1 – p2 -> p1.__sub__(p2)

p1 * p2 -> p1.__mul__(p2)

p1 / p2 -> p1.__truediv__(p2)

p1 // p2 -> p1.__floordiv__(p2)

Other dunder/magic methods in Python

__str__() -> used  to set what gets displayed upon calling str(obj)

__len__() -> used to set what gets displayed upon calling .__len__() or len(obj)

 

Practice:

Create a class C-2d vector and use it to create another class representing a 3-d vector.

class C2dVec:

    def __init__(self, i, j):

        self.icap = i

        self.jcap = j

    def __str__(self):

        return f"{self.icap}i + {self.jcap}j"

class C3dVec(C2dVec):

    def __init__(self, i, j, k):

        super().__init__(i, j)

        self.kcap = k

    

    def __str__(self):

        return f"{self.icap}i + {self.jcap}j + {self.kcap}k"

    

    

v2d = C2dVec(1, 3)

v3d = C3dVec(1, 9, 7)

print(v2d)

print(v3d)

Create a class pets from a class Animals and further create class Dog from Pets. Add a method bark to class Dog.

class Animals:

    color = "White"

class Pets(Animals):

    @staticmethod

    def sleep():

        print("Pets are sleeping")

class Dog(Pets):

    

    @staticmethod

    def bark():

        print("Dog is barking Bow Bow")

d = Dog()

print(d.color)

d.sleep()

d.bark()

Create a class Employee and add salary and increment properties to it.

Write a method SalaryAfterIncrement method with a @property decorator with a setter which changes the value of increment based on the salary.

class Employee:

    salary= 2000

    increments=1.5

    @property

    def salaryAfterIncrements(self):

        return self.salary * self.increments

    @salaryAfterIncrements.setter

    def salaryAfterIncrements(self, sal):

        self.increments= sal / self.salary

e = Employee()

print(e.salaryAfterIncrements)

print(e.increments)

e.salaryAfterIncrements=5000

print(e.salaryAfterIncrements)

print(e.increments)

Write a class complex to represent complex numbers, along with overloaded operators + and * which adds and multiplies them.

class Complex:

    def __init__(self, i, j):

        self.i =i

        self.j=j

    

    def __add__(self,obj2):

        return Complex(self.i + obj2.i, self.j + obj2.j)

    def __str__(self):

        return f"{self.i} + {self.j}i"

c1=Complex(2,3)

c2=Complex(3,4)

print(c1 + c2)

OIC - pgp tool to encrypt or decrypt the file

Object: Pgp tool is used to encrypt or decrypt any file. Suppose your integration is handling or sending  any encrypted file to endpoint and there is any issue occured in the file data, so we may need to check the file contents, using the pgp key we can easily decrypt the file with this pgp tool and debug the issue.

Download links:

Go to below link or search in google with pgp key

https://pgptool.github.io/

Download the installer package or zip package as per your convenient.

One more thing, to run this tool we need to install java jdk 1.8.0 version.

Go this below link or search in google.

https://java.com/en/download/

After installation, 

open the pgp tool and go to keyring tab and use import pgp key to import the pgp key and then click encrypt or decrypt.

OIC JS - return today's date in yyyymmdd format

 Js codes:

function returnMultiPeriodDate(){

var today = new Date();

var dd = today.getDate();

var mm = today.getMonth() + 1;

var yyyy = today.getFullYear();

if (dd <10){

dd = '0' + dd;

}

if (mm < 10) {

mm = '0' + mm;

}

today = yyyy + '0' + mm;

return today;

}

Note:

today = yyyy + mm + dd; 

OIC JS - return last day

Object: Return last day of the month in this format yyyy-mm-dd

Js codes:

function returnLastDay(){

var date = new Date(), y = date.getFullYear(), m = date.getMonth();

var lastDate = new Date(y, m + 1, 0);

var day = lastDate.getDate();

var month = lastDate.getMonth() + 1;

var year = lastDate.getFullYear();

if ( parseInt(month) < 10 ) {

var newMonth = "0" + month;

}

else { 

var newMonth = month;

}

if ( parseInt(day) < 10 ) {

var newDay = "0" + day;

}

else { 

var newDay = day;

}

var lastday = year + "-" + newMonth + "-" + newDay;

return lastday;

}

Note : 

getMonth() method returns the months from 0 to 11. January is the 0 and February is 1 and so on...

firstDay = new Date(y, m, 1)

lastDay = new Date(y, m+1, 0)

OIC - NVL in javascript

NVL lets us to replace null (returned as blank) with a string in the results of a query. For example, 

NVL(value1, value2)

If value1 is null then it will be replaced with value2.

Javascript:

function nvl(value,nullValue){

var output = "";

if (value == null || value == "")

{

output = nullValue;

}else {

output = value;

}

return output;

}

OIC - send Notification - email, log file and create incident

Usecase: Here, we will create a reusable component "Notification service" and we will perform following functions:

• Send Email
• Create Incident
• LogFile

Rest Request Json:

{

"sendEmailFlag": "Y",

"emailFrom": "",

"emailSubject": "",

"emailBody": "",

"attachmentFlag": "",

"attachmentBase64Reference": "",

"createIncidentFlag" : "",

"incidentCallerId" : "",

"incidentBusinessService" : "",

"incidentCategory" : "",

"incidentSubcategory: "",

"incidentContactType": "",

"incidentShortDescription" : "",

"incidentDescription" : "",

"createLogFileFlag" : "",

"directoryAdaptet" : "",

"logDescription" : "",

"logFileName" : ""

}

Response rest Json:

{

"emailSent" : "",

"incidentCreated" : "",

"incidentId" : "",

"logCreated" : "",

"ExceptionCode" : "",

"ExceptionReason" : "",

"ExceptionDetails" : ""

}

To send email:

• Create a app driven integration and take body scope
• Within the body, take a switch block and check if sendEmailFlag = "Y" then 
• Take a stage action and write a file for the attachment.
• Take a notification action and provide all details like emailFrom, emailSubject, create a EMAIL_BODY param and assign with emailBody and use in the body section with {EMAIL_BODY}.
• In the attachment section, add the write file reference. Or use decodebase64ToReference() to convert the feeded attachment base64 to reference.
• Update the emailsent response as "Y"

To Log file:

Here i will log the zip file in the S3 bucket using rest call.

1. First create a rest S3 connection using
1. rest api base url like https://hostname, 
2. security as aws Signature version 4 and
3.  access key, secret key, aws region like US West(Oregon) Region (us-west-2) and service name Amazon S3.
2. In the integration, check if createLogFlag = "Y" then , write the log file using stage action. Provide file name, output directory,provide a csv file etc and in the map, assign log description.
3. Zip the file. Provide logFileZipName and directory to zip and output directory.
4. Configure the S3 rest connection and provide 
1. relative url as /{pathAndFileName}, 
2. verb put ,  
3. provide request payload as Binary and media type of the request body as application/zip.
4. In the map, assign pathandFilename to template param and zip reference to stream reference.
5. Update that log created = Y

To create Incident:

1. As service now is a rest service so first create a rest incident service connection using base API base URI, basic authentication and provide user and password.
2. Use that connection  and configure in the integration and
1.  provide relative uri "/api/now/table/incident" in this case, 
2. verb as post
3. Provide request and response JSON sample payload
4.  then map the request payload.

Python - Object-Oriented Programming

Solving a problem by creating objects is one of the most popular approaches in programming. This is called object-oriented programming.This concept focuses on using reusable code. (Implements DRY principle)

Class

A class is a blueprint for creating objects.

The syntax of a class looks like this:

Class Employee: [classname is written in PascalCase]

#methods & variables

Object

An object is an instantiation of a class. When class is defined, a template(info) is defined. Memory is allocated only after object instantiation.

Objects of a given class can invoke the methods available to it without revealing the implementation details to the user.     #Abstraction & Encapsulation!

Modelling a problem in OOPs

We identify the following in our problem

Noun -> Class -> Employee

Adjective -> Attributes -> name,age,salary

Verbs -> Methods -> getSalary(), increment()

Class Attributes

An attribute that belongs to the class rather than a particular object.

Example:

Class Employee:

company = “Google” #Specific to each class

harry = Employee() #Object instantiation

harry.company

Employee.company = “YouTube” #changing class attribute

Instance Attributes

An attribute that belongs to the Instance (object)

Assuming the class from the previous example:

harry.name = “Harry”

harry.salary = “30K” #Adding instance attributes

Note: Instance attributes take preference over class attributes during assignment and retrieval.

‘self’ parameter:

self refers to the instance of the class.

It is automatically passed with a function call from an object.

harry.getSalary()

here, self is harry and above line of code is equivalent to Employee.getSalary(harry)

This function getsalary is defined as:

class Employee:

company = “Google”

def getSalary(self):

print(“Salary is not there”)

Static method:

Sometimes we need a function that doesn’t use the self-parameter. We can define a static method like this:

@staticmethod #decorator to mark greet as a static method

def greet():

print(“Hello user”)

__init__() constructor:

• __init__() is a special method which runs as soon as the object is created.
• __init__() method is also known as constructor.
• It takes self-argument and can also take further arguments.

For Example:

class Employee:

def __init__(self,name):

self.name = name

def getSalary(self):

#Some code…

harry = Employee(“Harry”) #Object can be instantiated using constructor like this!

 

Practice:

Create a class programmer for storing information of a few programmers working at Microsoft.

class Programmer:

    company = "Microsoft"

    def __init__(self,name,product):

        self.name=name

        self.product=product

    def getInfo(self):

        print(f"name of the companty {self.company} and name is {self.name} and product is {self.product}")

sri=Programmer("Sri","Skype")

nanda=Programmer("Nannda","Outlook")

print(sri.getInfo())

print(nanda.getInfo())

Write a class calculator capable of finding square, cube and the square root of a number.

class Calculator:

    def __init__(self,num):

        self.num=num

    def getSquare(self):

        return self.num * self.num

    def getCube(self):

        return self.num ** 3

    def getSqrRoot(self):

        return  self.num * 0.5

c=Calculator(5)

print(c.getSquare())

print(c.getCube())

print(c.getSqrRoot())

Create a class with a class attribute a; create an object from it and set a directly using object.a=0 Does this change the class attribute?

class Sample:

    a=23

s = Sample()

s.a=0

print(Sample.a)

print(s.a)

Answer: No, This will not change the class attribute.

Add a static method in problem 2 to greet the user with hello.

class Calculator:

    def __init__(self,num):

        self.num=num

    def getSquare(self):

        return self.num * self.num

    def getCube(self):

        return self.num ** 3

    def getSqrRoot(self):

        return  self.num * 0.5

    

    @staticmethod

    def greetUser():

        print("Hello user")

c=Calculator(5)

c.greetUser()

print(c.getSquare())

print(c.getCube())

print(c.getSqrRoot())

Write a class Train which has methods to book a ticket, get status(no of seats), and get fare information of trains running under Indian Railways.

class Train:

    def __init__(self, name, fare, seats):

        self.name = name

        self.fare = fare

        self.seats = seats

    def getStatus(self):

        print("************")

        print(f"The name of the train is {self.name}")

        print(f"The seats available in the train are {self.seats}")

        print("************")

    def fareInfo(self):

        print(f"The price of the ticket is: Rs {self.fare}")

    def bookTicket(self):

        if(self.seats>0):

            print(f"Your ticket has been booked! Your seat number is {self.seats}")

            self.seats = self.seats - 1

        else:

            print("Sorry this train is full! Kindly try in tatkal")

    def cancelTicket(self, seatNo):

        pass

intercity = Train("Intercity Express: 14015", 90, 2)

intercity.getStatus() 

intercity.bookTicket()

intercity.bookTicket()

intercity.bookTicket()

intercity.getStatus()